BIO-INCROP: ERA-NET CORE Organic II: Innovative Anbaumethoden zur Verbesserung der Bodengesundheit im biologischen Obstbau
Projektleitung
Thomas Rühmer
Forschungseinrichtung
FA 10B - Landwirtschaftliches Versuchszentrum
Projektnummer
100787Projektlaufzeit
-
Finanzierungspartner
Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft
Allgemeine Projektinformationen
Abstract (deutsch)
Verbesserter Wissensstand über landwirtschaftliche Kulturführungsmaßnahmen aufbauend auf der Erforschung mikrobieller Faktoren, die an dem Phänomen der Bodenmüdigkeit beteiligt sind.
- Bestimmung der beteiligten Komponenten im Wurzelfäulekomplex
- Mikrobielle Indikatoren und Testverfahren zur Bestimmung des Vorliegens einer Nachbaukrankheit
- Entwicklung von innovativen Kulturführungstechniken für den biologischen Obstbau
- Bereicherung nationaler Richtlinien für die Bio-Produktion
- Zusammenstellung verfügbarer biologischer Präparate und \"low input\"-Praktiken zur Bekämpfung der Nachbaukrankheiten.
- Bestimmung der beteiligten Komponenten im Wurzelfäulekomplex
- Mikrobielle Indikatoren und Testverfahren zur Bestimmung des Vorliegens einer Nachbaukrankheit
- Entwicklung von innovativen Kulturführungstechniken für den biologischen Obstbau
- Bereicherung nationaler Richtlinien für die Bio-Produktion
- Zusammenstellung verfügbarer biologischer Präparate und \"low input\"-Praktiken zur Bekämpfung der Nachbaukrankheiten.
Schlagwörter (deutsch)
Bodenmüdigkeit, Apple replant disease, Nachbau
Titel (englisch)
Innovative cropping techniques to increase soil health in organic fruit tree crops
Abstract (englisch)
- To elucidate the components of the root rot complex in the main apple and citrus growing areas of Europe
- To provide applicative test and microbial indicators (greenhouse bioassay, biodiversity indicators,
presence/absence/abundance of specific microorganisms) of replant disease occurrence.
- To develop innovative management options for organic fruit tree crops by selecting variable organic matter
sources, wild and cultivated plants as cover/catch crops,
- To enrich the national guidelines for certified organic production with agro-management strategies based on
eco-functional intensification of organic cropping systems.
- To provide knowledge for supporting the critical adoption by farmers and local extension services of
available bio-products (bio-pesticides, plant growth promoters or plant strengtheners, etc) and for
developing low input practices aimed to control soil borne pathogenic agents of fruit tree “replant disease”.
DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGIES.
The studies will be carried out starting with fruit tree orchards affected by fertility decline (soil sickness) and
replant disease locally identified by the experimental/research centres involved in organic farming.
Two main fruit tree crops will be the subject of the research: Citrus with particular emphasis on soil biological
fertility in Mediterranean growing areas (Spanish and Turkish research groups) and apple in several temperate
growing areas of (South Tyrol -Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Austria). For apple, several sites with replanted
orchards will be identified by the experimental stations of Italy (LCR), Germany (DLR), Austria (HAID). Spain has
already committed a large (>30 ha) degraded citrus orchard available for the project where different pre-plant
treatments including solarization will be tested against an untreated control. Turkey works both on apple and
citrus crops, focusing the activity on some target pathogens of interest for that country.
The research will be performed by using two main methodologies:
i) trials in controlled conditions, based on comparison between soil samples representing the following
treatments for each site: replanted soil (taken from the rows of the orchards), virgin soil (from inter-row
or fallow area near the orchards) and sterile soil. Greenhouse bioassay test using young rootstock
plants for the early evaluation of soil health will be performed. The roots of those plants will function as
vegetative baits for root endophytic fungi and rhizosphere microorganisms.
ii) Open field trials depending on the availability of the research groups of ongoing trials or of degraded
orchards suitable for the evaluation of management options for the conversion to organic.
- To provide applicative test and microbial indicators (greenhouse bioassay, biodiversity indicators,
presence/absence/abundance of specific microorganisms) of replant disease occurrence.
- To develop innovative management options for organic fruit tree crops by selecting variable organic matter
sources, wild and cultivated plants as cover/catch crops,
- To enrich the national guidelines for certified organic production with agro-management strategies based on
eco-functional intensification of organic cropping systems.
- To provide knowledge for supporting the critical adoption by farmers and local extension services of
available bio-products (bio-pesticides, plant growth promoters or plant strengtheners, etc) and for
developing low input practices aimed to control soil borne pathogenic agents of fruit tree “replant disease”.
DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGIES.
The studies will be carried out starting with fruit tree orchards affected by fertility decline (soil sickness) and
replant disease locally identified by the experimental/research centres involved in organic farming.
Two main fruit tree crops will be the subject of the research: Citrus with particular emphasis on soil biological
fertility in Mediterranean growing areas (Spanish and Turkish research groups) and apple in several temperate
growing areas of (South Tyrol -Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Austria). For apple, several sites with replanted
orchards will be identified by the experimental stations of Italy (LCR), Germany (DLR), Austria (HAID). Spain has
already committed a large (>30 ha) degraded citrus orchard available for the project where different pre-plant
treatments including solarization will be tested against an untreated control. Turkey works both on apple and
citrus crops, focusing the activity on some target pathogens of interest for that country.
The research will be performed by using two main methodologies:
i) trials in controlled conditions, based on comparison between soil samples representing the following
treatments for each site: replanted soil (taken from the rows of the orchards), virgin soil (from inter-row
or fallow area near the orchards) and sterile soil. Greenhouse bioassay test using young rootstock
plants for the early evaluation of soil health will be performed. The roots of those plants will function as
vegetative baits for root endophytic fungi and rhizosphere microorganisms.
ii) Open field trials depending on the availability of the research groups of ongoing trials or of degraded
orchards suitable for the evaluation of management options for the conversion to organic.
Projektziele
PROJECT HYPOTHESIS:
· The enhancement of microbial biomass and biodiversity in agricultural soils increases biological fertility and
soil health.
· Continuous crops such as fruit tree crops are affected by soil sickness, whose “replant disease” represents
the main biological component. Replant disease is mainly caused by a series of non-lethal soil borne fungal
pathogens (Browne, 2006; Mazzola, 1998).
· The etiology of replant disease is mediated by plant vigour/growth stage and a-biotic factors, and tools for
the correct diagnosis are lacking.
· The qualitative and quantitative response of microbial soil communities toward agro-management practices
may be the clue for solving replant disease problems.
PROJECT AIM
· An increased knowledge about agro-management practices based on the study of microbial factors involved
in soil suppressiveness.
PROJECT OBJECTIVE
· To elucidate the components of the root rot complex in the main apple and citrus growing areas of Europe
· To provide applicative test and microbial indicators (greenhouse bioassay, biodiversity indicators,
presence/absence/abundance of specific microorganisms) of replant disease occurrence.
· To develop innovative management options for organic fruit tree crops by selecting variable organic matter
sources, wild and cultivated plants as cover/catch crops,
· To enrich the national guidelines for certified organic production with agro-management strategies based on
eco-functional intensification of organic cropping systems.
· To provide knowledge for supporting the critical adoption by farmers and local extension services of
available bio-products (bio-pesticides, plant growth promoters or plant strengtheners, etc) and for
developing low input practices aimed to control soil borne pathogenic agents of fruit tree “replant disease”.
· The enhancement of microbial biomass and biodiversity in agricultural soils increases biological fertility and
soil health.
· Continuous crops such as fruit tree crops are affected by soil sickness, whose “replant disease” represents
the main biological component. Replant disease is mainly caused by a series of non-lethal soil borne fungal
pathogens (Browne, 2006; Mazzola, 1998).
· The etiology of replant disease is mediated by plant vigour/growth stage and a-biotic factors, and tools for
the correct diagnosis are lacking.
· The qualitative and quantitative response of microbial soil communities toward agro-management practices
may be the clue for solving replant disease problems.
PROJECT AIM
· An increased knowledge about agro-management practices based on the study of microbial factors involved
in soil suppressiveness.
PROJECT OBJECTIVE
· To elucidate the components of the root rot complex in the main apple and citrus growing areas of Europe
· To provide applicative test and microbial indicators (greenhouse bioassay, biodiversity indicators,
presence/absence/abundance of specific microorganisms) of replant disease occurrence.
· To develop innovative management options for organic fruit tree crops by selecting variable organic matter
sources, wild and cultivated plants as cover/catch crops,
· To enrich the national guidelines for certified organic production with agro-management strategies based on
eco-functional intensification of organic cropping systems.
· To provide knowledge for supporting the critical adoption by farmers and local extension services of
available bio-products (bio-pesticides, plant growth promoters or plant strengtheners, etc) and for
developing low input practices aimed to control soil borne pathogenic agents of fruit tree “replant disease”.
Praxisrelevanz
1. Improving disease control. The project aims: i) to elucidate the not-yet well defined complex of replant
disease of fruit tree crops; ii) provide diagnostic tools for evaluating the actual occurrence of the biotic
components of replant disorders and assess the level of soil health before planting new orchards. Additionally,
the project is aimed at selecting techniques and tools suitable to increase, in a selective way, the components of
soil suppressiveness, the soil’s natural ability to control root pathogens.
2. Increasing the efficiency with the increase of soil biological functioning. The project strategy is to identify
innovative management options for the eco-functional intensification of fruit tree cropping systems by the
integration of cropping practices set on the basis of the response of soil microbial communities to a series of
variable natural resources. These resources are: i) high quality organic matter able to enhance quantity and
quality of microorganisms ii) alternative cover crops and new catch crops selected among wild or cultivated plant
species on the basis of the root/microbes interaction.
3. Innovative use of natural resources. The multiannual field results on the use of bio-control agents
suggest that soil microbial resilience does not support the effective introduction of the bio-pesticides which
represent alien organisms. Therefore two possible strategies for an efficient use of natural and external
resources are investigated in the project;
a) to preserve and increase soil microbial biomass and diversity, by leading the communities composition
toward an higher abundance of the beneficial species,
b) to introduce alien beneficial microorganisms selected for adaptability to the different agro-ecosystems
and to set methodologies for their effective introduction, as for example by combining the introduction
into the soil with organic amendments acting as growing media able to promote the microbial
colonisation of rhizosphere of the fruit trees
disease of fruit tree crops; ii) provide diagnostic tools for evaluating the actual occurrence of the biotic
components of replant disorders and assess the level of soil health before planting new orchards. Additionally,
the project is aimed at selecting techniques and tools suitable to increase, in a selective way, the components of
soil suppressiveness, the soil’s natural ability to control root pathogens.
2. Increasing the efficiency with the increase of soil biological functioning. The project strategy is to identify
innovative management options for the eco-functional intensification of fruit tree cropping systems by the
integration of cropping practices set on the basis of the response of soil microbial communities to a series of
variable natural resources. These resources are: i) high quality organic matter able to enhance quantity and
quality of microorganisms ii) alternative cover crops and new catch crops selected among wild or cultivated plant
species on the basis of the root/microbes interaction.
3. Innovative use of natural resources. The multiannual field results on the use of bio-control agents
suggest that soil microbial resilience does not support the effective introduction of the bio-pesticides which
represent alien organisms. Therefore two possible strategies for an efficient use of natural and external
resources are investigated in the project;
a) to preserve and increase soil microbial biomass and diversity, by leading the communities composition
toward an higher abundance of the beneficial species,
b) to introduce alien beneficial microorganisms selected for adaptability to the different agro-ecosystems
and to set methodologies for their effective introduction, as for example by combining the introduction
into the soil with organic amendments acting as growing media able to promote the microbial
colonisation of rhizosphere of the fruit trees
Berichte
Kurzfassung
Im Jahr 2012 wurden in einem ersten Screening im Topfversuch verschiedenste Komposte und organische Materialien (WP 2) und kommerziell erhältliche biologische Bodenverbesserer (WP 3) auf ihre Wirksamkeit zur Verbesserung des Wachstums von M9-Unterlagen auf Nachbauböden untersucht. Aus diesem Screening und in Abstimmung mit den Ergebnissen der anderen Projektpartner wurde Substrat aus der biologischen Anzucht von Speisepilzen (WP 2) und die Produkte Mycostop, Micosat F und Ekoprop nemax (WP 3) für die weiteren Versuche ausgewählt.
Sowohl in den folgenden Topfversuchen in den Jahren 2013 und 2014 als auch in Freilandversuchen (WP 4) konnten leichte Wachstumsverbesserungen durch das Einbringen von frischem Pilzsubstrat in Kombination mit entweder Mycostop oder Micosat F festgestellt werden. Der Einsatz von Ekoprop nemax kann auch negative Effekte haben. Von einer Bekämpfung der Nachbaukrankheit, wie man sie mit anderen physikalischen oder chemischen Desinfektionsverfahren erreicht, kann man bei diesen Anbaumaßnahmen allerdings nicht ausgehen. Vielmehr handelt es sich wohl um Effekte, die vorrangig aufgrund von Strukturverbesserungen im Boden ausgelöst werden.
Kurzfassung
Es wurden in den WP 2 und 3 in Topfversuchen unterschiedliche biologische Maßnahmen (WP 2 - Zugabe von Kompost oder anderen organischen Substanzen; WP 3 - Zusatz von kommerziell erhältlichen biologschen Bodenverbesserern) hinsichtlich der Auswirkung auf das vegetative Wachstum von M9-Unterlagen in Nachbauboden untersucht. In WP 4 wurde ein Freilandversuch fortgeführt, der im Jahr 2010 angelegt wurde, dessen Ziel es war, die Zugabe von Kompost ins Pflanzloch und verschiedene Kombinationen mit biologischen Bodenverbesserern zu untersuchen.